Breast Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Breast Cancer - Research Paper Example There are many studies and intensive research is underway in order to identify the most important factors that are the reason for the constant increase of the incidence of breast cancer in the last several decades. The results and information’s from this research should help us reduce the morbidity and mortality from breast cancer and increase the self-awareness of the general population about the risks for this disease. In this study we will conduct a systematic research on the risk and other factors that are the most important factors in the etiology of breast cancer and also we will discuss the challenges of effective screening and treatment of breast cancer. Introduction Breast cancer is malignant neoplasm that is originating from the tissues of the breast. It has significance as one of the most common cancers in the population that almost exclusively affects the female population, however in small percentages this malignancy is present in the male population also (less than 1% of all cases of breast cancer) (Florescu et al. 2011). Breast cancer is the most common type of invasive malignancy that affects women and contributes up to 23% of all invasive cancers that affect female population worldwide. It is registered that in year 2008 13.7% of cancer mortality in the female population in the world was caused by breast cancer or 6% of all cancer mortality worldwide (men and women) was caused by breast cancer (GLOBOCAN 2008). These numbers are alarming and show that breast cancer has severe impact on the global morbidity and mortality especially on the female population. It is also alarming that incidences of breast cancer are constantly increasing dur ing the last three decades and this tendency is maintained till the resent day (Louwman et al 2008). It is believed that this is caused by the modern way of life and the changes that appeared in the habits and diets of modern way of living, changes in the reproductive behavior of the female population and other factors (Dignam et al 2003). This fact can be elaborated more clearly if we understand that the incidence of breast cancer is higher in western, developed countries and in countries that accept western way of lifestyle. For example incidences of breast cancer in population of 100 000 in western Europe is 78, in North America is 90 and these rates are significantly higher when compared to eastern Asia with 18 cases per 100 000 population, in sub-Saharan Africa 22 etc. (Stewart and Kleihues 2003). United States has the highest incidence of breast cancer in the world with 128 new cases of breast cancer on 100 000 women and in United States breast cancer is the second most common cancer after the skin cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality after lung cancer (American Cancer Society 2007). As we can see from the above statistics breast cancer has significant effect on the mortality in the population worldwide but especially in the developed countries. 3. Risk factors for breast cancer 3.1. Unchangeable risk factors for breast cancer There are many factors that is believed are the risen for the increase of the incidence of breast cancer in developed countries. In order to understand these factors we will look at the risk factors that are found to be associated with increased incidence of brea

Strategic Communication in Public Relations Essay

Strategic Communication in Public Relations - Essay Example In my opinion, due to the undesirability of 'spam' information, it is becoming increasingly more attention-capturing and persuasive, especially highly-contextual political messages. The author of this essay has recently received an interesting letter, which will put frames of the present paper and be explained in terms of communication strategies. First of all, the letter has quite an attractive title - "NARAL Pro-Choice America CHOICE AND CHANGE". The catchphrase or attention grabber is most helpful in this sense, as the primary task of those who compiled this message is to create the situation, in which the receiver would read at least a title, i.e. the thread should be consistent and informative itself. One more helpful feature of this political agitation message is the presence of an outline at the beginning so that the receiver has an opportunity to take a glance at the brief content. In my opinion, such lengthy messages should be started with a mini 'contents' section. Another technique, applied in the present message is an emphasis on the reader's needs. If the latter decides to open the letter, then he or she necessitates information, has continuous information about 'hunger'. In addition, the message is designed for native American citizens, the majority of whom are to some extent dissatisfied with the performance of the U.S. Congress, and are thus ready to perceive related criticism. "I am as thrilled as you are to think about a Congress that's not in the hands of anti-choice leaders like Dennis Hastert and Rick Santorum. But I know from my days running for office in Montana, we must not let up now. It's not over until all the votes are counted" (the entire letter is presented in 'appendix' section). Furthermore, the political agitation includes explaining to the reader his/her main needs and fears and offering a satisfaction alternative. The writer speaks from the first person and seems to address the message directly to the reader. In order t o confirm the reader's doubts in the overall legal and political balance, the message refers also to the research, conducted by Pro-Choice Group, which suggests that the opponents of 'choice' are in majority, so the major current problem is the lack of legal enforcement and inadequate financial basis for the realization of national will. The argument in the letter is built skillfully, as the author draws an imaginary 'conditional' picture (in the best PR-traditions) 'What will happen if[Anti-Choice-Groups come to power' (or visualization): anti-choice candidates are depicted as those who slow down democratization of American society. In this sense, I can outline two main strategic communication techniques: first of all, the establishment of villain's (or, more precisely, the enemy's) image, who should possess those treats which would appeal to the reader's self-consciousness, financial interest or ethical concerns (women's choice is a brilliant example in this case). Secondly, the world under the villain's rule will necessarily turn into a complete mess and, as the enemy is not competent enough and has the biased approach to the problems, which must be solved according to liberal democratic principles. The trick within the latter technique is an exaggeration, i.e. the problem is overblown and turned into a real disas ter. In fact, as changingminds.org content writer holds (2006), people need strong emotion-inducing arguments, such as the possibility of war, ecological catastrophe or economic depression – only in this case the reader would perceive and interpret the spam e-mail message seriously.  Ã‚