Waving Won t Help By Katherine Boulton - 964 Words

Athara Ibrahim SLHS 4802: Book Review Title: Shouting Won t Help: Why I--and 50 Million Other Americans--Can t Hear You Author: Katherine Boulton Publisher Publication Date: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux 02/19/2013 The book Shouting Won t Help by Katherine Boulton is a memoir and guide about being hearing impaired. Her journey about having a bilateral hearing loss: profound deaf in one ear and severely impaired in the other ear. It is a part memoir and a part scientific study about her experience. The book is organized using the author s personal experience while also explore series of questions about the different types of causes of deafness - environmental and medical factors, the social stigma attached to it, the professional challenges faced with hearing loss and the technologies that help. At the end of every chapter, the author includes a titled chapter â€Å"Voices† about other people s stories about their hardship and experience. Hearing loss isn’t rare because it is estimated 50 million Americans suffer from hearing loss. The authors state this in the title of her book about the many millions of individu als affected by hearing loss. Hearing loss isn’t confined by age. The author developed her hearing loss at the early age of 30 but the significant onset of adult hearing loss occurs between the ages of 19 and 44. People usually think that hearing loss only affects the older generation, but we learn that it can affect individuals

Locations Ofall Major Trading Hubs/Land Landing Centers

Locations of all major trading hubs/land landing centers for vegetables (both rural urban) in the country. Source: Agricultural Statistics Yearbook 2010-2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 5.4 Vegetable Forward Market movement Scenario According to the available data, it was found that around 10% of the produces are consumed at grower level, 30% at local level, 30% at district level and remaining 30% at distant markets. The vegetable movement map derived from analyzing primary and secondary data is as follows: The movement map shows that Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet and Barisal are the prime districts at the receiving end where all the urban landing centers are situated and these districts receive. The table below shows†¦show more content†¦The other value chain actors are directly or indirectly dependant on these two major actors. In general the forward market vegetable value chain structure includes the actors as farmers, farias, arotdars, baparis, and retailers. 5.5.1 Farmers Farmers are at the starting point of the value chain, they are the growers. After harvesting they usually sell their produces to the regional arotders and beparis. Farmers prefer to come to the arots/haats as they get better and competitive price by selling vegetables to traders. Furthermore, they can sell all their vegetables at a time to the same arotder and bepari. However, farmers also sell to the forias retailers (which usually amount to less than 20% of their total production) as beparis reject poor quality vegetables. Sometimes the forias come to the farmers door to collect the produces. In this case, farmers need not to bare any transportation costs. All transactions are done in cash. 5.5.2 Farias (petty trader) Farias buy directly from the growers and sell to other traders or to the local arots/haats. They are mostly small-scale seasonal floating traders, and some combine farming with trading. Sometimes they take credit from others (like family or friends) and repay it after trading. Forias always procure from farmers as they get vegetables at a lower price. They never provide credit to the farmers. On the other hand they

What is working capital Free Essays

Introduction What is working capital? Working capital represents a net investment in short-term assets. These assets are continually flowing into and out the business and are essential for day-to-day operations. The various elements of working capital are interrelated and can be seen as part of a short-term cycle (McLaney and Atrill, 2010) To put this another way, working capital is to a company what water is to a plant. We will write a custom essay sample on What is working capital? or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the plant does not have enough water, it will not grow. Eventually, it will wither and die. If the plant receives too much water, it will drown. Just as plants need the right amount of water in order to grow, companies need the right amount of working capital to achieve desired levels of profitability and liquidity. (Cunningham, Nikolai And Bazley,2004) Working capital management The control and management of working capital directly influences an organization’s ability to survive. To illustrate this, consider the fact that many organisations that go out of business are profitable. The reason they can no longer function is that that they have run out of cash; if they cannot pay their creditors on time they are not going to receive any further supplies on credit terms. If they cannot get their supplies, they cannot produce their goods and services; if they cannot do this, they have nothing to sell. If they have nothing to sell, their cash position will deteriorate rapidly and everything will soon grind to a halt (Proctor, 2009) It is to the firm’s advantage to keep the investment in working capital to a minimum but at the same time invest sufficiently in current assets to be able to carry out day-to-day trading activities efficiently. This balance between the cost and the level of working capital must be carefully managed. (Berry and Jarvis, 2006) Keeping the right amount of working capital requires careful planning and monitoring. So, a company may have excess cash sitting idly in its checking account, or it may need additional short-term financing. (Cunningham, Nikolai And Bazley,2004) Working capital cycle In working capital cycle cash operates as a fuel, circulating the business to work with the flow. The working capital cycle is utilized to determine the time from any investment outlay or investment in current assets to the inflow of cash derived from the investment. (Berry and Jarvis, 2006) An example of working capital cycle can be depicted as shown Cash is used to pay trade payables for raw materials, or raw materials are bought for immediate cash settlement. Cash is also spent on labour and other items that turn raw materials into work in progress and, finally, into finished goods. The finished goods are sold to customers either for cash or on credit. In the case of credit customers, there will be a delay before the cash is received from the sales. Receipt of cash completes the cycle.(McLaney and Atrill, 2010) The following information related to Upholland Ltd’s financial account at the end of 31st May 2011. ? Turnover 1,000,000 Gross Profit 80,000 Debtors100,000 Creditors 150,000 Capital Employed 600,000 Opening Stock60,000 Closing Stock 80,000 Cash Balance (CR) 20,000 In order to analyse the company’s present performance and suggest how it may improve it in the coming year it is necessary to calculate some working capital ratios. Interpreting financial information can be identified by looking at main areas for investigation of accounting information. The use of ratio analysis in each of these areas is introduced below: Profitability Ratio Users of account will want to know how much profit a business has made, and then to compare it with previous periods or with other entities. The absolute level of accounting profit will not be of much help, because it needs to be related to the size of the entity and how much capital is has invested in it. (Dyson, 2006) A.) Gross Profit Margin The gross profit margin ratio relates the gross profit of the business to the sales revenue generated for the same period. Gross profit represents the difference between sales revenue and the cost of sales. The ratio is therefore a measure of profitability in buying (or producing) and selling goods before any other expenses are taken into account. As cost of sales represents a major expense for many businesses, a change in this ratio can have a significant effect on the ‘bottom line’. (Atrill,2006) Gross profit ratio = Gross profit x 100 Turnover = 80,000 x 100 1,000,000 = 8% B.) Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) The return on capital employed is a fundamental measure of business performance. This ratio expresses the relationship between the net profit generated during a period and the average long-term capital invested in the business during that period. (Atrill,2006) ROCE=Gross Profitx 100 Capital Employed = 80,000 x100 600,000 = 13 % Analysis and evaluation It is obvious that the entity doesn’t appear to be obtaining a decent level of profitability. Focusing on the very low gross profit margin ratio of 8%, it can be interpreted that the company has entered in a very competitive market, having low or decrease demand of products among customers. Besides, the 13% of ROCE ratios also shows the weak competitiveness against other fierce competitors. According to Dyson (2007).The ratio of 8% was probably caused by a reduction in the mark-up added the cost of goods sold. The company may have tried to reduce the margins in an attempt to maintain its sales. However, the plan was not highly successful as the turnover didn’t adequately cover the decrease in the mark-up. Even though it is unable to know the information of what kind of business the company operates, the company are not performing effectively over the period. However, the fact of a global downturn in the economy during the period should be taken into an account because the external environment inevitably has significance impact to industries and this could have been the reason why the company earned a low proportion of its profits Porter’s Competitive Forces Model In Porter’s competitive forces model, the strategic position of the firm and its strategies are determined not only by competition with its traditional direct competitors but also by four forces in the industry’s environment: new market entrants, substitute products, customers, and suppliers. Liquidity Radios Liquidity ratios measure the extent to which assets can be turned into cash quickly. In other words, they try to assess how much cash the entity has available in the short term. (Dyson, 2007) C.) Current Ratio The current ratio measures the relative level of current assets compared with current liabilities. It indicates the extent to which all current liabilities are covered by all current assets. If the ratio is greater than 1:1, the entity can meet all of its current liabilities out of current assets. Many companies operate with this ratio in the region from 1:1 to 1.5:1 If the ratio is higher than this, the current liabilities are very safely covered. (Weetman,2010) Current Ratio =Current Assets Current Liabilities = Closing Stock + AR+ Cash AP = 80,000 +100,000 + 20,000 150,000 = 1.33:1 D.) Quick Asset Ratio It may not be easy to dispose of stocks in the short term as they cannot always be quickly turned into cash. In any case, the entity would then be depriving itself of those very assets that enable it to make a trading profit. It seems sensible, therefore, to see what would happen to the current ratio if stocks were not included in the definition of current assets. (Dyson, 2007) Quick Asset Ratio= Current Assets Excluding Stock Current Liabilities =AR+Cash AP = 100,00+20,000 150,000 = 0.8:1 Analysis and evaluation In comparison of the current and quick assets ratio, (Weetman,2010) it indicates that the company possibly has possessed the excessive level of stock with a possible risk of out-dated inventory. According to the current ratio, the ratio is lower than the norm which means the firm doesn’t have adequate liquid resources to deal with its immediate financial commitment. It is incurred because money are being tied up in the company considering a high proportion of stock in the current assets. Similarly, the quick assets ratio shows the firm’s cash position is relatively risky, having insufficient cash to cover its debt and this may result in the inability to make payments for the current liabilities for next period. Overall, all of the information signify that the entity are in the vulnerable position of liquidity. . Efficiency Ratio E.) Debtor Ratio A business will usually be concerned with how long it takes for customers to pay the amounts owing. The speed of payment can have significant effect on the business’s cash flow. The average settlement period for debtors calculates how long, on average, credit customers take to pay the amounts that they owe to the business. (Atrill, 2006) Debtors Ratio=AR__ x365 TURNOVER = 100,000 x 365 1,000,000 =37 days F.) Creditors Ratio Creditors Ratio=AP x 365 PURCHASE =150,000x 365 940,000 = 58 days In some cases that purchase is not provided it can be calculated by the following equation: Purchase=Turnover– Opening Stock =1,000,000 –60,000 = 940,000 G.) Cash Conversion Cycle Cash conversion cycle= Inventory Days + AR days –AP days =28+37– 58 = 7 days Calculate Inventory Days = Average Stock x 365 Cost of Sales = 1 ( Opening + Closing Stock ) 2Cost of Sales =1 ( 60,000 + 80,000 ) = 70,000 2 =70,000x 365 920,000 = 28 days Finding Cost of Sales=Turnover – Gross Profit = 1,000,000 – 80,000 = 920,000 Analysis and evaluation Judging at the ratio the trade debtor collection period is efficient, debtors are not slow at paying debt. Presumably,The firm is treated by debtors with consideration and those settlements are done quickly by debtors’ every effort. Importantly, its number is less than the trade creditor period which is 58 days. This refers a sign of company’s good credibility with its creditors(Dyson, 2007). Therefore, the company doesn’t necessarily watch the trade debtor’s position very carefully. Moreover, cash conversion of 7 days is beneficial as it indicate on average 7 days to convert current assets to cash. The efficiency in collecting and paying debt increase the chance that the entity may not run into the problem of cash flow in the near future considering the company’s unhealthy liquidity. Summary Based on the data provided the company apparently earn a small amount of profit due to the strong competition in the particular market. It is clearly exposed to the vulnerable liquidity position, having insufficient liquid resources to meet its current liabilities. There is likely that the firm may not be able to make payment in the next period. However, the core competency in managing its debtors and creditors collection period help reducing the risk of facing cash flow shortfalls. Therefore, to enhance the company’s performance, Davies and Boczko(2005) suggest in order to increase the gross profit apart from increasing selling prices but also lower costs of production, another approach is to deduct the overhead expenses of operating a business such as lower distribution costs and administrative expenses. In contrast, Dyson (2007) suggests customer might be encouraged to buy more by a combination of lower selling prices. Anyway, this approach will be effective if only the increase in turnover is sufficient. To improve the level of liquidity the reduction in stock levels need to be implemented (Davies and Boczko) In term of efficiency ratio the company can convert transactions into cash faster by setting policies that encourage early payment. Trade debtors might be encouraged to pay quicker by receiving generous credit terms. Similarly, the company can take advantage of purchase discount available from its suppliers. (Dyson, 2007) References Atrill, P.(2006) Financial Management For Decision Makers. 4th edition. England, Prentice Hall. Berry, A. and Jarvis ,R.(2006) Accounting In A Business Context. 4th edition. London, Thomson Learning. Cunningham, M.,Nikolai, A. And Bazley, D.(2004) Accounting: Information for Business Decision. 2nd edition. United Stated Of America, Thomson Learning. Davies,T. And Boczko, T.(2005) Business Accounting And Finance. 2nd edition. England, McGraw-Hill Education. Dyson, J. R. (2007) Accounting for Non Accounting Student. 7th edition. England, Prentice Hall. McLaney,E. and Atrill,P.(2010) Accounting :An Introduction. 5th edition. England, Prentice Hall. Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. 1st edition.Available: http://portal.lsclondon.co.uk/resources/mod/resource/view.php?id=15301subdir=/Lecture Resources/mis11e_ch03-ISOrganisationsAndStartegy. (Accessed on 1st Aug 2011). Proctor,R.(2009) Managerial Accounting For Business Decisions. 3th edition. England, Prentice Hall. Weetman,P.(2010) Management Accounting. 2nd edition. England, Prentice Hall. How to cite What is working capital?, Essay examples

Organization Strategy and Leadership Free Sample for Students

Question: Conduct a Five forces analyses for an Industry of your choice. Based on your analysis, you need to indicate how profitable do you think the Industry Currently is and what are the Factors driving that Profitability. Also discuss how will these Factor Change in the Future and what will be the Effect of these Changes on Industry Profitability. Answer: Introduction Sustainability is extended beyond the facilities and manufacturing process of the industry. Nevertheless, there is a rising issue in this industry of UK and that is the reduction of packaging as packets are not eco friendly and they harm environment. Maintaining reliability is the headline of the industry and so the problem is running on machines for a long time continuously. This industry of UK is fast moving and the manufacturing facilities of the FMCG come as the pressurized environment. Outline of Industry as well as trends Developments as well as trends in Fast-Moving Customer-Goods: According to Andersson and Boman (2014), the main focus of the industry is logical programmable controllers, robotics as well as automation. The operations that are lights out are the objective of the FMCG industry of UK. Sakellariou et al. (2013) explained that the demand of the industry is to make use of machines that will run automatically and where human intervention will not be needed at all. By this way, the industry is aimed to reduce workforce and the labor cost to a greater quantity. Working Opportunities in FNCG Industry: This industrys rapid growth enables a situation where a huge number of employees is needed for manufacturing. Sakellariou et al. (2013) commented that the industry is an excellent training ground where the employees get opportunities to get training, which satisfy their personal goal that matches with the professional goals. Sector Overview: Per year revenue grows to 184 Billion Euro by the year 2016 as per the report of Institute of Grocery Distribution. Sainsburys, Morrison, Asda, and Tesco are expanding at a rapid rate.45000 management is needed in this industry in 2017 as per the report of Food and Drink federation (Guides.careers.sussex.ac.uk, 2017) Porters five forces analysis As stated by Matarid et al. (2014), it is essential for an organization to incorporate competitive strategies in order to maintain market position in the market. As agreed by Akhtar and Khan (2015), analysing the level of competition by companies surely provide a competitive edge over other market leaders. Porters Five Forces is the appropriate model in order to analyse the level of competition within and industry and business process. The researcher therefore chooses this model in order to analyse the level of competition within the FMCG sector. Porters five forces model consist of 5 different aspects which are as follows Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of customers Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes Industry rivalry Figure 1: Porters five forces model (Source: Matarid et al. 2014) Researcher thus tries to analyse all 5 forces in context to FMCG industry for detailed competitive analysis. Bargaining power of suppliers As stated Ray et al. (2016), the market is usually controlled by marketers and the suppliers used to set the prices that usually rolled into the market. As agreed by Singh (2015), it quite obvious that buyers have little choice to bargain for. FMCG companies like Nestle or Unilever need to maintain the steady relationship with the suppliers which gives them the extra advance during high-cost inflation. Bargaining power of customers Due to various FMCG companies and top players like Nestle, Unilever, Proctor Gamble, they are slashing the price since consumers tend to move to those who are providing better deals. As opposed by Ray et al. (2016), such case rarely happens in this sector since a number of suppliers are limited and hence suppliers as an edge on setting prices. Threat of new entrants Nierobisch et al. (2017), opined that in FMCG industry there is always a treat for the existing players since entry process in this type of market is easier than any other industries. Moreover, due to minimum branding, they may provide a better product with much competitive prices range that often creates a serious threat to the big players. Threat of substitutes The threat of substitute products is really challenging tasks to competefor existing players. Treat of substitute products are depending upon below-mentioned factors and are as follows Buyers willingness for substitutes Price as well as performance of substitutes Cost of switching to substitutes Figure 2: Factors influencing threat for substitutes (Source: Nierobisch et al. 2017) Industry rivalry As stated by Simms and Trott (2014), among the existing players of FMCG industry there is always been an intense rivalry on maintaining the market position. These are often based on product pricing, quality, variation, and innovations. Some of the top competitors are Unilever, Nestle, and Proctor Gamble and below is their competitive analysis. Rivalry of the close competitors is as follows Top competitors Sales Market Share Unilever $66135 $124.52 B Nestle $100205 $530.57 B Proctor Gamble $83062 $825.89 B Table 1: Rivalry of the close competitors (Source: Consultancy.uk, 2017) Due to market competition, spending on marketing activities, branding and product development are gradually increasing while keeping the price competitive as much as possible. It therefore tries to reflect all the five forces of Porters model and tries to relate the same in context to FMCG market scenarios. From the above discussion, it is understood that FMCG industry faces market competition like product variation, productivity and most importantly the pricing factors from an external point of view and therefore with the help of porters five forces model, researcher successfully frames out the macro environmental factors and its impact on the FMCG industry. Industry Profitability FMCG sector has a huge growth as well as profitability margin due to increasing customer demand. As a matter of fact, minimum suppliers in this sector always keep them in the hunt to manipulate the product pricing. As opposed by Wang et al. (2015), due to the emerging of new players and substitutes they are facing serious treats in terms of industry profitability. But still whit the increase of online marketing portal, FMCG companies gained their growth in terms of profit. Products sold by big organizations like Nestle, Unilever, Proctor Gamble etc. has market demand which helps them to generate steady profit in each financial year (Consultancy.uk, 2017). With a growth at an annual rate of 5.7% between the FY2005 to FY2016, there is he increases in customer base that helps in increasing the sales volume Wang et al. (2015). This eventually accelerates the profitability growth within this sector. The annual growth in the consumption of FMKCG products among the customer are estimated as 6.7% n FY15 to 20 which surely experience rapid increase to 7.1% in FY 21 to 25 Sand (2015) A study n UK suggests that FMCG sector will not reach its saturation point yet and there is long way to go to dominate the market presence. As agreed by Walton et al. (2017), other than the top players there is always an opportunity for the new customers to be a part of that profitable business. The main reason behind such outcome is the growth necessity of such products and there is no need to promote such products extensively since customers are aware of the same. Thus it opens an opportunity to the new comers and thus increasing the revenue collection for the government Beck and Kenning (2015). Based on the researches and thorough study, it also identified that FMCG industries are looking forward further investment in various other sectors and thusthere will be an estimated growth ofindustry by 12% within upcoming years (Beck and Kenning, 2015). New entrants and other substitutes products also increase the market demand among various consumers thus providing a high demand in the market. Anselmsson and Bondesson (2015) said that increase in customer needs and supply of requirements in the market, lead to the steady growth in industries increasing the range of profitability. Based on Porters model, there are various macro factors that may hamper the scenario but still due to increasing demand and popularity helps to maintain market profitability in the upcoming financial years. Innovation and advancement in technology accelerates the customer popularity and thereby increases in achieving sales volume. As per the prediction made by various studies in upcoming financial years that is by 2020, there will be huge rise in market share and that is also by 10 to 15% of current total market share (Consultancy.uk, 2017). Factors Affecting Current Profit Long-term profitability of FMCG industry depends on the performance of the enterprises on some variables, which determines the level of business growth as well as increase of profitability. Anselmsson and Bondesson (2015) highlight the fact that controlling production cost and sales of goods are thing on which the fall or rise of the industry depends on. On the contrary, Sanchez Rodrigues and Potter (2013) think that,optimising inventory, pricing healthy mark-ups and making sales are the most important factors that leaveimpact on the industrys growth. Cost Factor: Bottom-line profits are affected by indirect and direct cost. Anselmsson and Bondesson (2015) said that when new purchases are made; shipping cost, labor cost is also calculated. The industry can reduce staff cost overall by designing many terms and conditions. Mark-ups: On products actual delivery cost, mark-ups are charged. It is the main part of the industrys strategy to stay in a competition market so as to make the profit level high. Sanchez Rodrigues and Potter (2013) put emphasis on the fact that the industry is to figure out this mar5k up amount in a way so that the current cost is well covered. The decision of setting this cost depends on the category of products, uniqueness, urgency to sell quickly and many other factors. Distribution and Inventory: The advancement of technology in online platform has between taking its rapid growth and real-time accuracy is also increasing and so Inventory cost is going to the buyers hands. The motor and brick business had experienced 5.3% increase in sales in the year of 2011 whereas FMCG industry of UK had experienced 40% increase in sales of retail products (Yourbusiness.azcentral.com, 2017) Service Strategies and Sales: Free returns and free shipping like something can be helpful in attaining customers loyalty and in increasing repeat purchases. Jung et al. (2016) thinks that value of buying increases when customers get extra benefits like these and so the future purchasing chances of customers also increases. Future implication Shoppers now have taken a policy that that is changing their allegiance to channels from the larger shops. The need of the customers is analysed by the shoppers and they think that channels will better satisfy the needs of the customers but in the future years this will be changed. Bogomolova et al. (2015) said that quality rise in convenience stores, the improvement of standards for online business and various programs of store opening of discounters together give alternatives of shopping to supermarkets. Click and Collect button of Smartphones navigation technology of stores enable the shopkeepers of large stores to get more profits. Online business is getting its most influential and profitable form as per the choice of the customers. Simms and Trott (2014) state that customers now prefer to buy foods and groceries from wherever they want. Now the busy life of people push them to invest time in more productive work and so they do not have time to buy by going to markets. Advanced online technology enables the online business to grow further. Mobile applications will also help the customers to buy within free seconds and from everywhere. In 2016, Aldi launched wine online and Special Buys (Yourbusiness.azcentral.com, 2017) Impact on Profits The prediction of the IGD is that food and grocery market of UK will rise over future five years by 9.9% to 196.9 billion Euro as the FMCG sector is aimed to resolve challenges in next few years as per the report of IGD (Yourbusiness.azcentral.com, 2017). Anselmsson and Bondesson (2015) said that the leading growing channel for shopping will be an online platform at 68% and above over future five years. Simms and Trott (2014) focus on the fact that number 3 fastest developing sector will be a convenience but while being expanded in the market, it will also face a slowdown. On another side, Andersson and Boman (2014) say that discounters by 2012 will be of 24.9 billion Euro value but than the previous periods, the growth and development of the industry will be more evaluated and measured. Hypermarkets of the UK that have experienced 16.5billion Euro growth in the year 2016, the markets will have seen 16.6% value in the year 2021 and the value will increase .2% from the year 2016 to the year 2021. The UKs supermarkets will face more like 0.8% growth from the year 2016 to the year 2021 as per the prediction of IGD. The value of supermarkets of United Kingdom will rise from 86.6 to 87.3 Billion Euros in the year 2021 as per the prediction report (Yourbusiness.azcentral.com, 2017) (refer to appendix 1). Recommendations Advertisement of offline and online business by sponsoring events: Sponsoring events is the thing by which customers can be attracted and the way by which the customers attention can be got by the shopkeepers. Digital insight is indeed helpful for getting customers attention. FMCG future events are to be organised and by sponsoring it or speaking in the events, the shoppers can attain the attention of the customers. Interaction with customers to attain loyalty for achieving constant profit: Procurement of the role is to be identified within an organisation. If there is a process of procurement in place, to be registered is important and being engaged with decision makers of the procurement process is necessary. The industry can get a huge success if they have a positive relation with procurement groups. It will help the industry to identify the process of the selection of agencies and to make clients in touch with marketing teams and brands. Conclusion Online marketing has been improving rapidly in FMCG sector and so there is a huge chance of enhancement of future success of the industry. Setting well strategy plan and good implementation in FMCG industry has given it a satisfying place in UK market. The main factor is that FMCG products are always n a huge demand. Therefore, customers always are looking for best quality under competitive price range. Increasing in market competition and to maintain the market position and profitability, organizations are also focusing on technological improvement and innovation. References: Andersson, L. and Boman, J., (2014). Private Labels-A Study of the Development of Private Labels on the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Market, 9(12), pp. 56-110. Anselmsson, J. and Bondesson, N., (2015). Brand value chain in practise; the relationship between mindset and market performance metrics: A study of the Swedish market for FMCG.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,25, pp.58-70. Beck, S. and Kenning, P., (2015). The influence of retailers family firm image on new product acceptance: An empirical investigation in the German FMCG market.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,43(12), pp.1126-1143. Bogomolova, S., Dunn, S., Trinh, G., Taylor, J. and Volpe, R.J., (2015). Price promotion landscape in the US and UK: Depicting retail practice to inform future research agenda.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,25, pp.1-11. Consultancy.uk. (2017).50 largest Consumer Goods / FMCG firms of the globe. [online] Available at: https://www.consultancy.uk/news/2453/50-largest-consumer-goods-fmcg-firms-of-the-globe / [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. Guides.careers.sussex.ac.uk. (2017).Sector Guides: Sector Guides: Home. [online] Available at: https://Guides.careers.sussex.ac.uk [Accessed 30 Mar. 2017]. Jung, S.U., Zhu, J. and Gruca, T.S., (2016). A meta-analysis of correlations between market share and other brand performance metrics in FMCG markets.Journal of Business Research,69(12), pp.5901-5908. Matarid, N.M., Youssef, M.A. and Alsoud, G.A., (2014). The Impact of Brand Extension Strategy on the Brand Equity of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) in Egypt. 7(09), pp.578 Nierobisch, T., Toporowski, W., Dannewald, T. and Jahn, S., (2017). Flagship stores for FMCG national brands: Do they improve brand cognitions and create favorable consumer reactions?.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,34, pp.117-137. Ray, K., Basak, A., Fatima, K. and Seddiqe, M.I.S., (2016). Study on Supply Chain Management of Industries in FMCG Sector in Bangladesh.Global Journal of Research In Engineering,16(2). Akhtar, P. and Khan, Z., (2015). The linkages between leadership approaches and coordination effectiveness: A path analysis of selected New Zealand-UK International agri-food supply chains.British Food Journal,117(1), pp.443-460. Sakellariou, E., Karantinou, K. and Poulis, K., (2013). Managing the global front end of NPD: lessons learned from the FMCG industry.Journal of General Management,39(2). Sanchez Rodrigues, V. and Potter, A., (2013). A comparison of FMCG logistics operations in the UK and South Africa.European Business Review,25(4), pp.351-364. Sand, C., (2015).Influence of business strategy on firm's capability to innovate: investigation into employee perception of business strategy, market orientation, learning orientation and the favourability of the innovation implementation context on multiple hierarchical levels in a single multi-national organization in the FMCG industry, 9(08), pp.22-56 Shekhar, S.K. and Raveendran, P.T., (2015). Promises of silent salesman to the FMCG industry: an investigation using linear discriminant analysis approach.Management Marketing,10(4), pp.304-315 Simms, C. and Trott, P., (2014). Conceptualising the management of packaging within new product development: A grounded investigation in the UK fast moving consumer goods industry.European Journal of Marketing,48(11/12), pp.2009-2032. Simms, C.D. and Trott, P., (2014). Barriers to the upgrade cycle in a commodity process industry: evidence from the UK packaging industry.RD Management,44(2), pp.152-170. Singh, S., (2015). The Impact of Marketing Variables on Business Performance: An Analysis of FMCG, Consumer Durables and Textile Industries.IUP Journal of Business Strategy,12(2), p.54. Walton, B., Petrovici, D. and Fearne, A., (2017). Factors Impacting the Success of new Product Development in the UK Grocery Retail Industry: An Empirical Examination of Product Innovation Performance. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World, 7(09), pp. 182-185. Wang, Y., Sanchez Rodrigues, V. and Evans, L., (2015). The use of ICT in road freight transport for CO2 reductionan exploratory study of UKs grocery retail industry.The International Journal of Logistics Management,26(1), pp.2-29. Yourbusiness.azcentral.com. (2017).Factors Affecting Growth Profitability of the Retail Industry. [online] Available at: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/factors-affecting-growth-profitability-retail-industry-16603.html [Accessed 28 Mar. 2017].